Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or families to move between socioeconomic positions over time. In practical terms, it asks whether a person’s income, occupation, or social status is largely determined by birth, or whether it can shift through education, work, and opportunity. That movement may occur
In basic terms, meritocracy is the idea that social and economic rewards should be distributed according to ability and effort rather than birth or inherited status. In a meritocratic system, advancement is justified by performance. Educational achievement, skill, productivity, and measurable competence determine opportunity. At least in theory, talent rises.
Capitalism is an economic system in which most businesses and productive resources are privately owned, and economic decisions are largely shaped by markets. In practice, this means individuals and firms invest capital (money, equipment, property, or other assets used to produce goods), hire labour, produce goods or services, and compete
Democracy is a system in which political authority ultimately rests with the people. In practice, this means governments are chosen through elections, leaders can be removed without violence, and laws constrain those who govern. That is the formal definition. But democracy is not held together by elections alone. It depends